Size and causes of the underground economy in Spain: a correction of the record and new evidence from the MCDR approach

We review existing estimates of the size of the Spanish underground economy, apply the Ahumada et al. (Rev Income Wealth 53(2):363–371, <CitationRef CitationID="CR3">2007</CitationRef>) correction procedure to some of them and calculate the size of the underground economy in Spain for the period 1960–2009 by using the modified-cash-deposits-ratio (MCDR) approach recently developed by Pickhardt and Sardà (Eur J Law Econ 32(1):143–163, <CitationRef CitationID="CR31">2011)</CitationRef>. We then extend the MCDR approach with respect to an analysis of the causes of the Spanish underground economy. Contrary to most other studies, we show that the latter is not predominantly caused by tax pressure, but by labor market aspects, macroeconomic influences and criminal activities. Based on these findings we derive some unprecedented policy recommendations. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015