Smart border 2.0 : avoiding a hard border on the island of Ireland for customs control and the free movement of persons

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the AFCO Committee, provides background on crossborder movement and trade between Northern Ireland and Ireland and identifies international standards and best practices and technologies that can be used to avoid a 'hard' border as well as case studies that provide insights into creating a smooth border experience. The technical solution provided is based on innovative approaches with a focus on cooperation, best practices and technology that is independent of any political agreements on the UK's exit from the EU and offers a template for future UK-EU border relationships.