Stochastic Dominance of the Physical Measure Over the Risk-Neutral Measure
This study provides a sufficient and necessary condition in which the risk-neutral measure is first-order stochastically dominated by the physical measure. Various sufficient conditions are also developed under the consumption-based equilibrium model. We also show that, if stochastic dominance occurs, the risk-neutral measure induces the conservative bounds of some risk measures, such as value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES)