- PREFACE
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- LIST OF BOXES
- LIST OF TABLES
- LIST OF TABLES IN ANNEXES
- LIST OF GRAPHS
- GLOSSARY
- INTRODUCTION
- PART I OVERVIEW OF TAXATION IN THE EU
- 1. CALCULATING TAX INDICATORS IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
- 1.1. NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FRAMEWORK
- 1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF TAXES
- 1.3. REFINED TREATMENT OF SOCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
- 1.4. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: THE ROLE OF IMPUTED SOCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
- 2. TAX STRUCTURES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ENLARGED UNION
- 2.1. TOTAL TAX BURDEN
- 2.2. TAX STRUCTURES
- 2.2.1. By type of taxes
- 2.2.2. By levels of government
- PART II TAXATION ACCORDING TO ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS
- 1. METHODOLOGY FOR IMPLICIT RATES
- 1.1. CLASSIFICATION OF TAXES ACCORDING TO ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS
- 1.1.1. Taxes on consumption
- 1.1.2. Taxes on labour
- 1.1.3. Taxes on capital
- 1.2. SPLIT OF PERSONAL INCOME TAX
- 1.3. IMPLICIT TAX RATES
- 1.3.1. Implicit tax rate on consumption
- 1.3.2. Implicit tax rate on labour
- 1.3.3. Implicit tax rates on capital
- 2. DISTRIBUTION OF THE TAX BURDEN ACCORDING TO ECONOMIC FUNCTION
- 3. TRENDS IN THE IMPLICIT TAX RATE ON LABOUR
- 3.1. STABILISING/DECLINING TAX BURDEN ON LABOUR IN RECENT YEARS
- 3.2. A NOTE ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE IMPLICIT TAX RATE ON LABOUR
- 3.3. IMPACT OF THE NEW DEFINITION OF TOTAL TAXES ON THE ITR ON LABOUR
- 3.4. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: THE ROLE OF IMPUTED SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION ON ITR ON LABOUR
- 3.5. A COMPARISON WITH TAX WEDGES COMPUTED FOR EXAMPLE HOUSEHOLD TYPES
- 4. TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES
- 4.1. INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAX REVENUES
- 4.2. CLASSIFICATION AND FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES
- 4.3. AN EFFECTIVE TAX BURDEN INDICATOR FOR ENERGY USE
- 4.4. IS THE IMPACT OF GREEN TAX REFORMS VISIBLE?
- 5. TRENDS IN THE IMPLICIT TAX RATE ON CAPITAL
- 5.1. INCREASING TAX BURDEN ON CAPITAL UNTIL 2000
- 5.2. IMPLICIT TAX RATES ON CAPITAL
- 5.3. DRIVING FORCES BEHIND CHANGES OF THE ITR ON CAPITAL INCOME
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