The beginnings of behavioral economics : Katona, Simon, and Leibenstein's X-efficiency theory

1. Introduction -- 2. Two beginnings -- 3. The "Big 3." Simon, Katona, Leibenstein -- 4. It didn't just happen overnight -- 5. Leibenstein before X-efficiency theory -- 6. X-efficiency. An intervening variable -- 7. Empirical research on XE: : c 1967-1990 -- 8. XE among US financial institutions 1991 -- 2017. 9. XE among financial firms in Asia c.1991-2017. -- 10. XE among Asian non-financial institutions c.1991-2017 -- 11. XE in Europe c1991-2017. -- 12. XE in Australia and New Zealand, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and the world. 13. Conclusions