The globalization of Swedish MNEs: Empirical evidence and theoretical explanations

We define globalization as the geographical dispersion of multinational enterprises (MNEs)’ value chain, in combination with increased inter-regional coordination, and use detailed firm-level data to show that 12 of Sweden’s 17 largest manufacturing companies indeed are global. By developing a Globalization Process Model we theoretically argue, in contrast to much of the existing literature, that globalization may evolve to a more general phenomenon. The globalization process is tortuous as MNEs have to develop dynamic capabilities which make them gradually more competitive and able to cope with varying institutional contexts. Empirical testing on globalization of MNEs originating from other home countries is suggested.