Trends and Breaks in per-capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1870-2028

We consider per-capita carbon dioxide emission trends in 16 early developed countries over the period 1870-2028. Using a multiple-break time series method we find more evidence for very early downturns in per-capita trends than for late downturns, during the oil price shocks of the 1970s. Only for two countries do downturns in trends imply downward sloping stable trends. We also consider trends in emission composition and find little evidence for in-sample peaks for emissions from liquid and gaseous fuel uses. These results lead us to reject the oil price shocks as events causing permanent *Keywords: climate change; unit roots; structural change. JEL classification: C22; N0; O1. <lanne@helsinki.fi> Dept. of Economics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 54, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki <liski@hkkk.fi> Helsinki School of Economics and MIT-CEEPR, P.O.Box 1210, 00101 Helsinki, Finland. We thank Dick Eckaus, Denny Ellerman, Pekka Ilmakunnas, Jan Kunnas, Erkki Pihkala, John Reilly, Anne Toppinen, Ian Sue Wing, and seminar participants at HSE for valuable comments and discussions. 1 breaks in the structure and level of emissions, a conclusion often made in analyses using shorter postwar data.