Understanding Non-Litigated Disputes in the WTO Dispute Settlement System

This article focuses on a less scrutinized aspect of the WTO dispute settlement system – non-litigated disputes. Legal rules concerning consultation and settlement during the panel proceedings are analyzed with the case laws. We then propose, and empirically analyze, several key economic determinants of non-litigation in the WTO dispute settlement system that are motivated by the theory of bargaining with informational asymmetry. In particular, our logistic regressions show that a greater difference in the size of the pair of disputing countries reduces the likelihood of voluntary settlement or non-litigation. WTO members also tend to prefer non-litigation when the respondent is smaller than the complainant, has less reputational concern, and faces less retaliatory capacity of the complainant. Our findings suggest a case for reforming the legal rules of the consultation process towards mitigating informational asymmetry or improving communication between disputing parties in the WTO