Untangling the web of causalities among four disaggregate government expenditures, government revenue and output in Taiwan

Using Taiwan data, this empirical study delves into the causal links among four disaggregate real government expenditures, real government revenue and real output. The results substantiate that there is (i) neutrality between real government revenue and real government expenditure on economic development; (ii) unidirectional causality from real government revenue to real government expenditures on national defence, on general administration and on education, science and culture, confirming the tax-and-spend hypothesis; (iii) neutrality between output and the four disaggregate government expenditures; and (iv) unidirectional causality from real output to real government revenue. Several implications emerge from our empirical results.