Utilization of Plug-In Electric Vehicles for Frequency Regulation of Multiarea Hybrid Power System

This paper presents an aggregate model of a three area conventional thermal system with the incorporation of plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) in all the three areas for frequency regulation. An appropriate generation rate constraint of 3% per minute is considered for each of the thermal units. The performance of conventional Proportional-Integral–Derivative (PID) controllers and two degree of freedom Proportional-Integral–Derivative controllers (2DOF-PID) are evaluated on the system. Wind Driven Optimization (WDO) technique is utilized for optimizing the parameters of the two controllers. Comparison between the responses obtained by using PID and 2DOF-PID controllers discloses the superiority of 2DOF-PID controller from the point of view of time of dying out of response, highest deviation and degree of oscillations. The main objective of the presented work is to test the impact of introducing PHEVs in the conventional system. Hence, a number of analysis have been carried out for verifying the effectiveness of PHEVs in frequency regulation of the system when there is fluctuation in loading. The results so obtained prove that the integration of PHEVs in the system may play a very significant role in the restoration of the system frequency and tie-line power exchange to its nominal permissible limit