When reality bites : local deaths and vaccine take-up

In this study, we investigate whether COVID-19 deaths that occurred before vaccination rollouts impact subsequent vaccination take-up. We use data on local vaccination rates and COVID-19-related deaths from England measured at high geographic granularity. We nd that vaccination take-up as of November 2021 is positively associated with pre-vaccine COVID-19- related deaths, controlling for demographic, economic, and health-related characteristics of the localities, while including geographic xed e ects. In addition, the share of ethnic minorities in a locality is negatively associated with vaccination rates, and localities with a larger share of ethnic minorities increase their vaccination rates if they are exposed to more COVID-related-deaths. Further evidence on vaccination intention at the individual level from a representative sample corroborates these pa erns. Overall, our evidence suggests that social proximity to victims of the disease triggers a desire to take protective measures against it.