Silva, Hugo E.; Verhoef, Erik T.; van den Berg, Vincent A.C. - 2012
literature, we combine a dynamic (bottleneck) model of congestion and a vertical structure model that explicitly considers the … congestion toll that is derived for fully atomistic carriers to both leader and fringe yields the first-best outcome. This holds … regardless of the leader's internalization of congestion in the unregulated equilibrium, and regardless of the assumed demand …