Third-degree online price discrimination can be welfare-improving when the online-offline cross-demand parameter is large, even though the total outputs are unchanged. However, if the online firm competes with a uniform-pricing chain-store, online discrimination is welfare-worsening. Extensive...

Benefit from the advantage of externalities, urban agglomerations are playing more and more important roles in regional economic development. However, present literature failed to distinguish the differences between urban agglomerations' pecuniary externality and technology externality. In this...