Murat, Marina; Bonacini, Luca - 2020
education inequalities. Using PISA 2018 data from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, we find that students … losses that, everything else equal, range from 70 percent of a school year in the United Kingdom to 50 percent in Italy … are more likely to end their education early and repeat grades, especially in Spain, Germany and Italy. The distribution …