Duarte, António Portugal - EconWPA - 2005
. We study the case of Portugal vis-à-vis Germany and Spain, and the case of Spain vis-à-vis Germany, in the period 1960 …-1990. The empirical analysis was based on unit-root testing (using ADF tests) and Johansen’s methodology for the study of co-integration … Portugal and Spain before their adhered to the European Union. …