causes democracy. Existing studies establish a strong cross-country correlation between income and democracy, but do not … country fixed effects removes the statistical association between income per capita and various measures of democracy. We also … democracy. Furthermore, we reconcile the positive cross-country correlation between income and democracy with the absence of a …

. Using five different instrumental variable strategies, we find that democracy is a major cause of the wealth and health … losses. This impact is global and is not driven by China and the US alone. A key channel for democracy’s negative impact is …

Does democracy promote economic development? We review recent attempts to address this question, which exploit the … within-country variation associated with historical transitions in and out of democracy. The answer is positive, but depends … growth effect of democracy …

I examine the relationship between democracy and the perceived risk of corruption in a panel of 130 countries. My panel … model controls for country fixed effects and enables the estimation of a within-country relationship between democracy and … corruption. My main finding is that democracy significantly reduces the risk of corruption, but only in countries where ethnic …

The quality of Indonesia's democracy has decreased, and several findings of democratic institutions indicate a … quality of democracy. Second, requests for political dowries by political parties and corruption by regional heads for … Indonesian democracy …