Brakman, Steven; Garretsen, Harry; van Marrewijk, Charles - 2006
also analyze the effects of a bystander , that is a country which is not directly involved in the transfer. In the … traditional transfer literature a bystander is known to potentially cause transfer paradoxes. Our findings in this NEG setting are … as follows. First, direct transfer paradoxes are not possible in a symmetric setting even if a bystander is present …