The European Commission presented in June 2012 a proposal for a new Regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market, which will supersede the current Directive 1999/93/EC on a Community framework for electronic signatures. Art. 15 of...

This report aims to support European and international bodies involved in cyber exercises with lessons learned from cyber exercises. The report presents the results of research and analysis conducted by ENISA in 2012. ENISA examined 85 exercises covering the period between 2002 and 2012. In...

The year 2013 has brought big news, significant changes and remarkable successes in the cyber-threat landscape. Among the dynamic developments and changes that happened, there is one thing that has remaained stable: the race between defenders and adversaries has continued and will continue in...

ENISA's traditional workshop "CERTs in Europe" has been organised every year since 2005 for the national/governmental (n/g) CERTs in Europe and is one of the most efficient and indispensable methods for ENISA to support the teams in their daily work and to assist in improving their capabilities....

This document provides an overview of existing mechanisms supporting Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) to deploy capabilities necessary for their operations and their maturity level. It introduces these mechanisms according to the CERT maturity levels that they address based on eight...

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are indispensable for a number of industrial processes, including energy distribution, water treatment, transportation, chemical, government, defence and food processes. Though until a few decades ago ICS functioned in discrete environments, nowadays they tend to...