Studies have shown that cyber security incidents in eHealth systems can have a great societal impact. In a recent ENISA study, twelve out of eighteen Member States (MS) that participated in the survey- consider healthcare as a critical sector, therefore they should take all appropriate measures...

Cyber security incidents are constantly increasing in frequency and magnitude, becoming more complex and unconstrained by borders. These incidents can cause major damage to the economy, and hence, cyber security is one of the biggest issues governments and businesses in the European Union (EU)...

User education is key in cyber security. Our work for this report follows up on previous efforts and suggested recommendations from 2014 and 2013. The first objective of this report is to identify gaps between available training courses, certifications and NIS education needs with particular...

The Regulation (EU) N°910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market (eIDAS Regulation), adopted on 23 July 2014, extended the scope of the Directive 1999/93/EC on a Community framework for electronic signatures (eSignatures...

European SMEs are increasingly dependent on their information systems and networks to provide services to customers and meet their business objectives. The use of new technologies brings new opportunities for enhanced business performance and operations, but also introduces several information...

Taking into account the increasing need for online data protection and the availability of numerous Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) for internet and mobile users, ENISA conducted, under its 2015 work programme, a study on online privacy tools, aiming at enhancing trust and assurance in...

In response to the European Union's Cybersecurity Strategy, the CSCG has published a White Paper with recommendations on digital security. The CSCG's recommendations underline the importance of Cybersecurity standardisation to complete the European internal market and to raise the level of...

National and governmental CSIRTs are essential for every country that is concerned about protecting its digital assets, starting from sensitive government information to its citizens and their information. The CSIRTs' role is very wide, from security incident response and management to various...

The 2009 reform of the EU legislative framework for electronic communications (EU Directive 2009/140/EC) has introduced Article 13a into the Framework directive (Directive 2002/21/EC as amended by Directive 2009/140/EC). The reform, was transposed by most EU Member States halfway 2011. Article...