More often, persistent fluctuations in the real exchange rate tends to have significant adverse impact on prices, output and inflation expectations in an economy. Therefore, the ability to predict its movement over time with relative degree of accuracy is imperative for effective monetary policy...

Household income in rural Russia 2000-03 is examined using a nationally representative household survey. Household plots narrow the income gap between urban and rural households and are essential as both a means of subsistence for poor families and a source of extra income for wealthier...

The necessity for governments to borrow in order to finance a deficit budget has led to the development of external debt. This study examines how the use of budget deficits as an instrument of stabilization leads to the accumulation of external debt with the attending effects on growth in...

Evidence on productivity spillovers from FDI to domestic firms is ambiguous. Incorrect estimation procedures may be one of the sources for the contradictory results obtained in empirical studies on this subject. We observe that inadequacy of the estimation procedures leads to a severe...

This paper examines the role of government guarantees to domestic banks in generating moral hazard in pre-crisis East Asian economies. We test for moral hazard among bank creditors by determining whether protected banks received more funds from creditors than otherwise identical banks that did...

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the money demand function of Cagan (1956) using a panel data set covering 27 countries with different economic levels over the period 1988-98. The static fixed effects and the dynamic fixed effects reveal that a money demand equation exists. However, in...

In this study, we empirically attempt to investigate output growth forecasts as a result of dynamic interplay between money supplies and output growths of Southern African Common Monetary Area (SACMA) countries using Vector Error Correction Models (VECM). In general, the results show that the...