Modern production has become increasingly reliant on inputs sourced from abroad. These multi-country production processes are known as global value chains (GVCs). While it is generally accepted that GVCs increase productivity, by allowing producers to reap the gains from their individual...

This paper explores how the sudden stop in capital flows to emerging market economies associated with the Covid-19 pandemic unfolded, the substantial policy responses that were needed to alleviate it, and the lessons we might draw from this episode. We identify four areas where further work...

There is substantial evidence that openness to trade raises economic growth and boosts living standards. But trade liberalisation has been asymmetric, focused on goods rather than services trade. The decline in goods trade barriers may have favoured countries specialising in goods, like China,...

The Bank of England (“the Bank”) has access to some of the granular transaction level data resulting from EMIR trade reports. The velocity, granularity and richness of this dataset puts it in the realm of Big Data in the derivatives market, which brings with it its own set of challenges....

Capital inflows come in all shapes and sizes. This paper highlights that equity flows, especially foreign direct investment, are the most stable forms of capital inflows. In contrast, debt inflows from banks particularly in foreign currency are most prone to booms and busts. These flows also...

While the idea of governments issuing financial instruments whose repayments are indexed to gross domestic product (GDP) is not new, the current global backdrop of high sovereign debt coupled with low interest rates and weak and uncertain nominal growth prospects suggests the case for doing so...

In this paper, we draw on network analysis and a sample of derivatives data from a trade repository to demonstrate how the systemic importance of derivatives market participants may be measured. As trade repository data become more comprehensively available to authorities, the same measures...

While the idea of governments issuing financial instruments whose repayments are indexed to gross domestic product (GDP) is not new, the current global backdrop of high sovereign debt coupled with low interest rates and weak and uncertain nominal growth prospects suggests the case for doing so...

Central clearing offers numerous benefits to financial stability including multilateral netting of cleared exposures and the centralization of default management. These benefits explain the pivotal role of central counter-parties (‘CCPs’) in the post-crisis derivatives market reforms....