Sample R is a refreshment sample of the SOEP-Core. We apply a stratified two-stage sampling design to draw a sample of anchor persons from the population register. We oversample former lignite mining regions (brown coal) all over Germany as well as the younger part of the general population aged...

This paper provides details on the sampling design, the fieldwork, as well as nonresponse and population adjustments for the 2022 sample M8b. The survey is conducted in cooperation between the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Sample M8b contributes to...

The proper allocation of interpretive authority between states and arbitral tribunals is central to current debates about investment treaty arbitration. States traditionally have given arbitrators broad latitude to interpret and apply international investment agreements. But as states gain...

Processes for removing sewage nitrogen at the individual residential scale must be low-maintenance with only annual service visits. A passive autotrophic process in an upflow configuration, using a 50-50 mixture by volume of: (a) agricultural sulfur for nitrate reduction, and (b) agricultural...

Septic tanks have been used for anaerobic treatment of raw sewage for well over one hundred years, and their basic design has not fundamentally changed over that time. On the other hand, there have been tremendous improvements in our understanding of anaerobic microorganisms and development of...

Purpose: Correct registration for the value-added tax (VAT) is a key aspect of tax compliance; it is vital in ensuring adequate tax revenue collection in all countries but particularly in developing countries such as South Africa. Non-registration hinders sufficient tax revenue collection, stifles...