The creation and empowerment of European Union (EU) agencies constitutes one of the most momentous developments of the EU composite administration. In the last decades, the delegation of powers to EU agencies grew exponentially both in quantitative and qualitative terms. As a result of this...

This article categorizes newly created and proposed EMU institutions according to a new typology that broadens the well-established agent-trustee distinction to include cooptation and orchestration as two additional modes of indirect governance. Four empirical cases from the realm of EMU...

This paper develops a theory of accountability as a means of increasing regulatory effectiveness in complex policy environments and applies it to the supervisory powers that have been assigned to the European Central Bank through the Single Supervisory Mechanism. It finds that the use of the SSM...

Recent popular referendums gave rise to increased public and scholarly debate on how civic participation affects traditional democracies. Particularly, the debate revolves around the question as to what opportunities referendums hold for populist parties. Referendums can be regarded either as...

In today's multipolar world economy, the societal values and interests that underpin the European project are not shared and protected by all of the EU's global economic partners. Economic advantage may entice countries to abandon the pursuit of political, social and economic fairness for...

The shared assumption according to which the EU and its member states would be more effective if they were to speak with one voice on the international stage has led scholars to investigate the unidirectional link between cohesiveness and effectiveness. By adopting a new institutionalist...

After the international financial crisis, new financial regulations were adopted at the international, regional (EU) and national levels. The timing, the sequencing and the interaction of reforms at different levels followed distinct patterns, which had implications for the design and the...

During the economic crisis, the EU adopted five regulations and one directive (the so-called legislative Six-Pack) in little more than one year. Retrospectively, criticism was expressed, partly stemming from the European Parliament itself, questioning the legitimacy of the new economic...

Social security coordination for third country migrants coming from third countries to the EU is scattered between EU instruments and national instruments. On the one hand, the EU has concluded agreements with third countries, e.g. Turkey, which includes provisions on social security...