We study how the possibility of renegotiation affects optimal bail-out policies for countries under asymmetric information on a country's cost of reforms. To that end, we solve the Bellman equation describing the optimal bail-out mechanism in a multiple-period principal-agent model with adverse...

We estimate the size of the funding advantage for a sample of 151 large European banks for the period 1-1-2008 until 15-6-2012 using rating agencies‟ assessment of banks‟ credit ratings uplift. We find that the size of the funding advantage is large and fluctuates substantially over...

This paper investigates the determinants of directed technical change at the firm level in the electricity generation sector. We use firm-level data on patents filed in renewable (REN) and fossil fuel (FF) technologies by 5,261 European firms over the period 1978-2006. We investigate how energy...