This study seeks to understand whether and to what extent High Frequency Trading (HFT) affects the probabilistic properties of the stock returns in five markets. More specifically, it focuses on the impact of HFT/Machine trading on five major stock indices, DAX, Nikkei 225, S&P 500, Russell...

This paper examines the behavior of adaptive agents in a stochastic dynamic version of the Hotelling's location model. We conduct an innovative agent-based simulation under the Hotelling's setting with two agents who use the Nash Q-learning mechanism for adaptation. This allows us to explore...