This study provides a comparative analysis of the budget limits of the Commonwealth of Independent States members, focusing on fiscal responses to the COVID crisis and options for improving the structure. The methodology comprised a statistical approach based on assessments of macroeconomic...

The aim of the article is to quantify and compare the macroeconomic effects of defence spending in the Polish and German economies. Estimating these effects is of particular importance in the context of the substantial increase in defence expenditures in Poland and Germany resulting from the war...

Gender equality is a fundamental human right and one of the core values of the European Union (EU). Great efforts have been made to defend this right and to promote gender equality within the member states and around the world. However, there are still significant differences between men and...

The relevance of fintech development in Kazakhstan is evident due to the ever‑growing role of financial technologies not only there but also worldwide. This expansion is closely tied to the progress of electronic commerce and advertising, technical development, socio‑demographic changes, and...

The paper examines the crisis robustness and resilience of the knowledge‑intensive business services (KIBS) sector. The hypothesis is tested that the KIBS sector is crisis‑robust rather than crisis‑resilient. The study covers 2000-2021, divided into two crisis periods (the global financial...

This paper summarises the arguments within the scientific discussion on the financial dimension of social entrepreneurship. The purpose of the research is to investigate the Polish and Ukrainian experiences of financial foundations for developing social entrepreneurship and, based on the Polish...

The considerations in this article have three goals. The first is to obtain information on the practical experience of young urban residents who use urban horticulture and agriculture products. The second is to determine the readiness to practice such production independently in the future. The...

This article aims to verify the development prospects of the Pan‑European Personal Pension Product (PEPP) in the European Union (EU). It focuses on the relationship between the quality of domestic public pension schemes and household savings for old age in the EU member and candidate...

The post‑pandemic period in the European Union is distinguished by the growth of business economic activity after two years of restrictions, growing debts and money supply, and extremely high inflation. This research analyses the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) in the service...

This study analyses sickness absence in selected European countries. We suggested and applied three sick‑leave measures: global sickness absence rate, frequency rate, and absolute crude absence rate. To calculate the rates, open access data from Eurostat, the OECD, and the WHO were used. On...