Freight railway enterprises in both Europe and North America are in the process of significant restructuring, with EC policy changes dictating new ownership, organization, and cooperation arrangements in Europe and a series of major mergers having already led to highly concentrated regional...

This article examines whether the balance currently struck by the European Commission between long-term contracting and the introduction of competition will ensure a sustainable level of competition on European gas markets, i.e. competition that not impedes investments. It examines whether this...

In Australia, land adjacent to rail corridors has traditionally been considered blighted owing to the detrimental environmental impacts that rail operations have on their surroundings. However, this adjacent land is now increasingly being used for residential development, which means that there...

Theoretical models with switching costs have shown that, in a dynamic game, firms have incentives to adopt two-period strategies. Initially firms will 'invest' in markets at an early stage in their development to be able to then 'harvest' at a later stage when consumers are locked-in to the...

The question addressed is whether the EC has competence under Article 95 EC Treaty1 (EC) on the approximation of laws to allocate the frequencies to be released by the switchover from analogue to digital at the European level, or if the exercise of this legislative power is reserved to the...

The old vertical structures of EC energy markets are slowly fading away. The latest attempt to move away from this model is the Commission proposal on ownership unbundling. The proposal introduces two alternative regimes. States may choose between full ownership unbundling and a mere control...

Most firms in the electricity sector are vertically integrated. Often these integrated firms are accused of using income generated in the regulated sector in order to cross-subsidize their unregulated activities. This cross-subsidization is said to distort the level-playing field and lead to an...

The paper examines the following questions: What are the main reasons for the different regulatory approaches to the liberalisation of telecommunications and electricity supply? In which directions are the regulation of the two industries developing presently? Furthermore, to what extent have...