Cities and the people who live in them account for more than 80 percent of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, more than 80 percent of the overall annual global costs of adaptation to climate change are estimated to be borne by urban areas. This issues brief looks at...

The Global Environment Facility (GEF), carbon finance, and the Clean Technology Fund (CTF) constitute the bulk of dedicated funding for low-carbon development. To achieve the largest possible impact, practitioners must learn to combine these resources in the same project or program in order to...

This issues brief examines the challenges of monitoring financial flows related to climate change. The first part focuses on tracking, monitoring, and reporting various types of flows, primarily from official development assistance (ODA) and other public sources but also from private sources....