The Philippines has one of the highest school bullying rates around the world. While its nature, causes and impacts are well-documented in the international literature, the local evidence remains limited and at times conflicting. In this study, we assess the contribution of bullying exposure on...

The 2018 PISA results revealed that the Philippines ranked close to the bottom in reading, mathematics, and science but ranked at the top in terms of bullying in school. Analyses of PISA 2018 data found that bullying has a negative effect on school performance. This study uses longitudinal data...

Services are a new force for innovation, trade, and growth in East Asia and Pacific. The dramatic diffusion of digital technologies and partial policy reforms in services--from finance, communication, and transport to retail, health, and education--is transforming these economies. The result is...