Processes for removing sewage nitrogen at the individual residential scale must be low-maintenance with only annual service visits. A passive autotrophic process in an upflow configuration, using a 50-50 mixture by volume of: (a) agricultural sulfur for nitrate reduction, and (b) agricultural...

Septic tanks have been used for anaerobic treatment of raw sewage for well over one hundred years, and their basic design has not fundamentally changed over that time. On the other hand, there have been tremendous improvements in our understanding of anaerobic microorganisms and development of...

This chapter critically analyses the role that is played by international economic law (IEL) dispute settlement bodies (DSBs) in the field of tobacco control. In particular, it looks at the recent case law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and ad hoc investment tribunals that dealt with the...

The constitutional foundations of economic liberty in Hong Kong, the freest economy in the world according to many, are little understood. So as the perceived spread of collusion, cronyism, and corruption in the territory ever since the 1997 transfer of sovereignty despite China’s promises...

The ECA has assessed non-compete clauses in mergers transactions on a number of occasions. In addition, courts have shed more light and seems to have established an appraisal framework in similar competition cases. This Article explores those developments and provides an outline of a suggested...

Behavioral economics has revolutionized American legal scholarship in many areas of law, but not in administrative law, the law that regulates the regulators. This article theorizes that the administrative law doctrines developed by the Supreme Court of the United States strikingly resemble a...

We review the empirical evaluation of three school-management interventions: school decentralization, tracking and contract teachers. We provide stylized models to organize the discussion of the results. We look at the average and distributional effects of the policies and stress the possible...

We examine the effects of a rural electrification program on employment in Peru. Exploiting the roll-out of the program across districts over time, we adopt differences-in-differences and fixedeffects strategies to estimate the impact of the program on labor market outcomes. The results from our...

This chapter reviews the empirical evidence on the levels and trends in income/consumption inequality and poverty in developing countries. It includes a discussion of data sources and measurement issues, evidence on the levels of inequality and poverty across countries and regions, an assessment...

The Honduran PRAF experiment randomly assigned conditional cash transfers to 40 of 70 poor municipalities, within five strata defined by a poverty proxy. Using census data, we show that eligible children were 8 percentage points more likely to enroll in school and 3 percentage points less likely...