Researchers studying environmental perception and cognition in general, and human spatial ability in particular, have been using virtual reality as a promising tool. However, the virtual environments used in these studies showed variances in the levels of visual detail they offer. Yet, little is...

In this paper we deal with the problem of the creation or closure of school classes from the perspective of a distance indicator seldom found in the literature: the time needed to travel by road from the family home to the training establishment. Unlike classical deterministic schemes, the...

In this research we assessed the urban land conversion, and identified the factors responsible for the conversion, from 1995 to 2009 in Hangzhou, a large city located in the lower Yangtze River Delta of China. We mapped urban land from satellite images by using a hybrid approach of spectral...

Research into shape grammar implementation has been largely concerned with rectilinear shapes and there has been limited research into implementation on shapes composed of curves. This reflects developments of the shape grammar formalism which has been defined largely according to straight...

Developments in transportation and information and communication technologies (ICTs) have facilitated the process labeled <i>activity fragmentation</i>. In this process, the weakened associations between activity, time, and place that ICTs made possible facilitate the disintegration of activities into...

Much has been written about ethnic residential segregation in urban areas, a great deal of it deploying single-index numbers to measure its intensity. These give very little detailed appreciation of the extent to which different ethnic groups live apart from each other, and where, within the...

Rural – urban inequalities in health and access to health care have long been of concern in health-policy formulation. Understanding these inequalities is critically important in efforts to plan a more effective geographical distribution of public health resources and programs. Socially and...

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Disparities in accessibility to healthy food are a critical public-health concern. Poor access to reasonably priced, nutritious, and good-quality food may lead to poor diet and increase the risks of health problems such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. This research advances...

A method is described that enables the potential tranquillity of an amenity area, such as a park, green, or square to be assessed. The method involves the assessment of traffic noise levels and the measurement of the percentage of natural and contextual features using photographs of the scenes....