In this article, the ratio of central station electricity to final energy is used as a measure of electrification. It is well known that this ratio tends to increase with gross domestic product. We show that not only is electrification a characteristic of a reference case with economic growth,...

Using a bottom-up type global energy model, this article explores in detail the potential role of coal over the 21st century and focuses on the prospects for coal gasification-based conversion technologies with CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> capture and sequestration (CCS) under the CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> stabilization target of 550ppm. The...</subscript></subscript>

This article investigates the effects of trade liberalization on transboundary pollution associated with consumption and global welfare in a reciprocal-markets model. We find that a bilateral reduction in tariffs is beneficial to the global environment. Moreover, trade liberalization will...

To maximize their profit, multinationals can design and implement the same and toughest standard in all locations, regardless of domestic regulations. We discuss this kind of overcompliance and stress its underpinnings. Some potential extensions are suggested. Copyright Springer Japan 2005

Since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, several studies have estimated the costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by the amount specified in the Protocol, as well as the price of the permits. A number of authors have recently shown that, following the US withdrawal and the...

Nitrogen emissions from agriculture are considered an important environmental problem in Denmark, motivating consideration of different tax schemes as regulatory instruments. In this article, input/output behavior of Danish pig farms is estimated with farm-level panel data using the dual profit...

This article analyzes and compares behaviors of a regulator and polluting firms in tradeable permit systems with and without commitment to auditing. If all firms are compliant, the equilibria under both of the schemes are the same. In contrast, if noncompliant firms exist, the equilibria under...

How should one manage the problem of resistance to antibiotics and pesticides? The formal modeling of this question is very much in its infancy. Therefore, we construct a dynamic and stochastic model of antibiotic or pesticide use to investigate the relative merits of two kinds of treatment...

This article explores the cause-and-effect relationship between the exports of manufactured goods and water resources (virtual water). Little is known about virtual water flows in relation to Japan’s exports of manufactured goods. The research is based on the Japanese input-output tables and...