This paper questions whether markets need contain products that are direct substitutes for consumers. It shows that there are many instances where markets consist of products that are not direct substitutes, and those which consumers cannot directly use or are at different functional levels in...

Sainsbury's v. MasterCard establishes the pass-on “defence” in English/UK law. The Competition Appeal Tribunal set out a two-part test which it erroneously distinguished from the economists' notion of pass-on. It then went on the develop key elements of legal test for pass-on in price fixing...

The article tackles the conflict between UEFA and the European Super League within the framework of Breakaway Leagues. In light of the pending dispute before the CJEU, it considers whether the sanctions threatened by UEFA would be compatible with EU Competition Law

There are increasingly calls for competition regulators to incorporate the possession of personal data into their analyses of anticompetitive practices and behaviour. The point is that the control of large amounts of both commercial and personal data will give companies an unfair advantage over...

There is no doubt that increased competition improves a country's economic performance, opens business opportunities to its citizens and reduces the cost of goods and services throughout the economy. This fact has been recognised by the governments around the world including India which is...

This paper explores the rationale underpinning the Brussels Court rejection of the Commission's action for damages resulting from the elevators cartel. Although this claim seemed to be an easy exercise for the Commission, the judgement shows the difficulty that parties will encounter proving...

The article aims at retracing the main elements of an antitrust proceedings carried on by the Italian Competition Authority against the Roche and Novartis groups for an alleged infringement of article 101 TFEU. In the antitrust authority's view, as expressed in a formal decision adopted on March...