An 'incentive subsidy' policy for subsidizing private R & D is proposed that can be more efficient, from a social point of view, than subsidy policies in common use such as a 'normal' subsidy policy (fixed amount granted at project start), and conditional loans (loan is repaid only if project is...

Government subsidized industrial R & D stands for a large and increasing segment of the total R & D conducted. Yet very little is known about the effectiveness of such subsidies. This paper summarizes the empirical literature concerning direct project subsidies, tax credits, and support for...

Hedging transaction and translation exposures to exchange rate changes may increase the economic exposure of the firm and reduce the information value of firms' quarterly statements. In this paper hedging macroeconomic exposures, of which exchange rate exposure is one type, is discussed in terms...