Many life insurance companies outside the US disclose embedded value (EV), an actuarial estimate of the present value of the future net cash flows arising from the company's in-force life insurance business. Industry surveys have shown that EV is used by analysts for valuation purposes. However,...

We study why foreign private national debt is higher in some countries than others by examining its effect on the governance environment in emerging markets. We also questioned whether countries which have ratified bilateral investment treaties have higher debt as a source of external financing...

Tax evasion, tax avoidance and fiscal corruption are actions, decisions and policies of individuals and corporate bodies which inhibit economic development in developing countries. As a consequence, the revenue intended for development is unpaid, evaded or avoided, or even diverted, into private...