This paper revisits the question of how shocks to expectations of market participants can cause business cycle fluctuations. We use a vector autoregression to estimate dynamic causal effects of belief shocks which are extracted from nowcast errors about output growth. In a first step, we...

We propose a novel multiplicative factor multi‐frequency GARCH (MF2‐GARCH) model, which exploits the empirical fact that the daily standardized forecast errors of one‐component GARCH models are predictable by a moving average of past standardized forecast errors. In contrast to other...

Many forecast surveys ask their participants for fixed‐event forecasts. As fixed‐event forecasts have seasonal properties, users often employ an ad hoc approach to approximate fixed‐horizon forecasts based on these fixed‐event forecasts. We derive an optimal approximation for...