Qualitative survey data on inflation expectations can be quantified with the use of probability or regression methods. This paper presents the results of probability methods implemented to estimate numerical measures of Polish consumer inflation expectations. Inflation expectations constitute a...

Spatial and Temporal Time Series Conversion - A Consistent Estimator of the Error Variance-Covariance Matrix. Abstract: We focus on the problem of time series conversion from low to high frequency satisfying the twofold temporal and spatial constraint. We offer a simple solution to...

Business tendency surveys are a popular instrument for business cycle analysis. The survey results are used to calculate leading business cycle indicators. For Germany the Ifo Institute publishes the Ifo business climate, which consists of the results of two questions: one question about the...