The Internal Revenue Service estimates that the “tax gap,” the difference between taxes owed and taxes voluntarily paid, is approaching 100 billion. This article examines seven categories of enforcement instruments for combatting noncompliance. The discussion has two objectives: (1) to...

This paper develops a two-stage procedure for discounting the benefits and costs of environmental regulations that is a variant of the shadow price of capital approach. Under this approach, the capital costs imposed by a regulation are annualized using the marginal rate of return on capital and...

Nontraditional “invisible” sources of growth are identified through a case study of a diversified industrial region in Massachusetts. Firm-specific managerial strategies are found to be an important element in the determination of economic growth. Customized and hybrid firms characterize...