In this paper, we conduct a pan-European efficiency analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus oil economics of vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realise economies of scope and, thus, produce railway services with a...

A high proportion of the EU's external trade is transported by sea. Maritime safety is thus of vital concern to the Union. However, while aids to navigation in coastal waters are funded by light dues in the UK, most members treat such aids as public goods. This paper examines the possible...