This paper examines how productivity changes contribute to short-run cost variations over time and across railroads. Using an unbalanced panel of US Class I railroad data for the period 1996-2003, decomposition models were used to attribute intertemporal and multilateral cost variations to their...

This paper combines SCENES, an EU transport model with E3ME, an EU macroeconometric model. Social Marginal Cost Pricing (SMCP) and fuel tax increases were combined with a concentrated TEN-T programme. Large externalities mean an SMCP with very high revenues; if recycled through reductions in...

Characteristics of transport demand are inferred from spatial equilibrium with exogenous locations. For non-trivial spatial distributions of firms and markets I derive computable expressions for elasticity of transport demand, producer surplus, and consumer surplus as a function of the...