Let ⊂ be fields of characteristic 0, and let [] denote the ring of polynomials with coefficients in . Let , ≠ 0. For ∈ []\[], define (), the deficit of , to equal − max{0 ≤ ≤ : ∉ }. For ∈ [], define () = . Let and let , with ≠ 0, ≠ 0, , ∈ , ∉ for some ≥ 1. Suppose that...