This paper provides an overview of how digital advertising markets work, to look at the state of competition in these markets, and to identify what responses various jurisdictions are considering to address competition concerns in these markets. It was prepared as background for a discussion on...

This paper describes the main types of distortive measures jurisdictions may adopt and the tools available to competition authorities in order to address them. It was prepared as background for the discussion "The Promotion of Competitive Neutrality by Competition Authorities" held at the 2021...

This paper considers the role of economics in abuse of dominance cases. Economic analysis and evidence has become increasingly important in the context of effects-based approaches to assessing possible abuse of a dominant position. The paper sets out the core economic framework for assessment of...

This paper explores the use of market studies with the specific objective of addressing emerging competition issues. It was prepared as background for the discussion "Using Market Studies to Tackle Emerging Competition Issues" held at the 2020 OECD Global Forum on Competition.

This paper aims at providing guidance on the benefits and challenges of criminal enforcement while exploring the economic deterrence theory and the retribution theory that have emerged in the criminalisation debate. It also offers an overview of criminalisation trends across jurisdictions,...

This paper explores the extent to which nascent acquisitions can be investigated and challenged when necessary under existing merger control frameworks. It identifies the need to conduct an in-depth counterfactual analysis, to consider new investigative tools, and to ensure that any claimed...

This paper looks at some practical and analytical challenges to the application of the traditional tools of competition enforcement analysis in these markets. It then discusses ways to overcome such challenges and proposed adjustments to these tools suggested in the recent literature, as well as...