This paper discusses some advantages and disadvantages of the most common digital tools for evidence gathering, and it explores some of the legal and practical issues arising from their use, drawing from cases where competition authorities across the world dealt with the delicate phase of...

This paper discusses the role of merger control in dynamic markets and identifies the main practical proposals that have been made to adapt the different stages of the review process to take into account market dynamics over time. It was prepared as background for a discussion on merger control...

This paper defines conglomerate mergers, setting out the reasons why firms engage in them and lays out the classical theories of harm associated with tying and bundling. It also describes how these theories have been adapted to digital markets, highlighting some of the key efficiencies stemming...

This paper surveys technological disruption in banking, examining its impact on competition and its potential to increase efficiency and customer welfare. It analyses the possible strategies of the players involved—incumbents and FinTech and BigTech firms—and the role of regulation.

Consumer data rights are gaining more attention across the globe as more consumers come to rely on data-driven services in the digital economy. This paper looks at the role for competition policy and enforcement in driving competitive outcomes in markets involving consumer data. It was prepared...

Line of business restrictions (LOBRs) are antitrust remedies or regulatory restrictions that can be used to limit the range of activities that a firm can undertake. They include separation restrictions ranging from structural separation to weaker forms of behavioural separation (accounting,...

This paper categorises four different types of monopoly over which competition for-the-market might occur, explains the practice of governments granting concessionary rights to firms, and identifies that the design of the processes for awarding such rights is commonly used to facilitate...

This paper highlights some practical approaches for competition authorities pursuing digital platform enforcement cases, given the unique challenges this can involve. It explains the key features of digital platform market dynamics and emphasises the importance of selecting and prioritising...

Vertical mergers are increasingly becoming a focus of attention, due to a number of recent high-profile cases in the technology, media and telecom (TMT) sector. Evidence suggests that vertical mergers are generally pro-competitive, as they are driven by efficiency-enhancing motives such as...