This paper provides an overview of different methodologies regarding corporate fines, including recent developments, used to calculate fines for infractions of competition law as well as the various elements that are taken into consideration when determining the appropriate fine level. It was...

The effectiveness and credibility of enforcement requires that there is access to ex post review of competition cases by an independent court or tribunal. Judges assess both procedural due process as well as compliance with the substantive provisions of competition law and can confirm...

This paper looks at the basic economics of hub-and-spoke arrangements, and their legal treatment across OECD jurisdictions. It will include brief excursions into related topics such as information exchanges and resale price maintenance while seeking to glean some insights regarding practical...

This paper explores the roles of existing and future independent sector regulators and their relationship with competition authorities. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2019 on independent sector regulators.

Most OECD countries use choice and competition within their education system. They give students and their families a choice of school and university, and ensure that funding follows these choices. The same is often true of pre-school and adult learning and skills services. They increasingly...

This paper revisits barriers to exit, explores their different definitions in the literature and identifies what these have in common. It then analyses the different ways in which such barriers to exit can affect allocative efficiency and competition while assessing their impacts by looking at...

This paper deals with the intersection between intellectual property licensing and competition. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2019 on independent sector regulators.

This paper discusses access to the case file, explains why access to file is relevant to ensure the fairness and transparency of competition enforcement and the type of information accessible by which parties and when this information can be accessed. it also examines the protection of...

Industrial policy describes the set of interventions that governments use to affect the economic structure of the economy. Its success or failure therefore has a huge impact on the extent to which a country can achieve inclusive growth. Individual industrial policies can broadly be considered to...