The problems of sub‐optimisation and resistance to change are chronic in organisations. Sub‐optimisation is endemic in horizontal relations, resistance to change in vertical relations. Both involve a dynamic trend towards maintenance and/or improvement of one's strategic position in relation...

Many lower‐level management jobs do not allow managerial talent to manifest itself. Management training exercises are required to identify and develop this talent. These exercises are invariably handicapped by participants providing what they think is the required response rather than their...

The vagueness of consultants' ideas as to what OD is, their diverging opinions as to its technical contents and the underground nature of the practice make OD in France rather elusive. OD tends to develop only in organisations where the absence of urgent problems and the vagueness of the feeling...

Organisation development encompasses a host of strategies ideally reflecting a systematic approach aimed at more closely linking the human resources and potential of an organisation to its technology, structure and management processes. The needs of managers at various levels in the hierarchy...

The cost of money has changed the organisational world in very fundamental ways. Management practice too often fails to reflect those changes. Until managers begin to understand the magnitude of these changes America will continue to be marginally productive in the face of economic competitors....

When multinationals bring together individuals within the organisation who are from different cultural bases, interpersonal behaviour is an issue of major importance, particularly in superior/subordinate relationships. The best and probably most productive interpersonal relationships occur when...

A congruent leadership model is developed. It is a corrected situational model independent of its origins as a correction of Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership model. It recognises that the leader's level of activity in directing the task and developing relationships will vary as the...

Considerable ignorance exists as to what directors actually do. Increasingly the legitimacy of the board is being challenged. Much controversy surrounds the question of to whom the board should be responsible. The role of directors and the inevitability of stakeholder conflict are reviewed. The...

For a woman entrepreneur, the risks of starting and operating a business are increased by being in a male dominated arena, having few role models and lacking confidence in some business skills. To be successful she needs to establish a track record. Necessary education and business training...