cash flow and time value of money. In this note we specify very clearly what has to be included in those cash flows and the reasons why they should be included. The main issue is related to the inclusion or exclusion of some items in the working capital and the current practice to consider that...

For cash flows in perpetuity without growth, analysts typically use the following formula for the return to levered equity Ke. Ke = Ku + (Ku – Kd)(1 – T)D/E (1) where Ku is the return to unlevered equity, Kd is the cost of debt, T is the tax rate, D is the market value of debt and E is...

En Vélez-Pareja y Tham (2003), se presentó la forma de hacer coincidir los métodos de valor agregado (utilidad económica (UE) (Residual Income Method, RIM) y el valor económico agregado (VEA) (Economic Value Added, EVA)) y los métodos de flujo de caja descontado (discounted cash flow,...

In cash flow valuation (CFV), there are two main categories of mistakes: derivation of the appropriate cash flows and estimation of the cost of capital. A simple-minded view of the world would suggest that with near perfect capital markets, the presence of arbitrage would severely punish...

In “Consistency in Chocolate: A Fresh Look at Copeland’s Hershey Foods & Co Case” we showed the inconsistencies regarding the assumption of constant leverage and the inconsistency in the values for equity calculated with different approaches. In this second part we show the differences in...

World Bank (WB) has played a crucial role in the development of the economies of the world, especially in the emerging countries. We recognize the leadership it has shown and the intellectual authority the WB has on planning offices, practitioners and consultants. For this reason it is very...

Esta es una nota de estudio donde se presenta un método para lograr consenso en grupos conocido como el método Delphi o Délfico. Este método es útil para cerrar la brecha entre una situación de desconocimiento total de un hecho y una apreciación calificada del mismo. Se presenta el origen...

In the recent writings on valuation, there is no consensus about the correct formulas for calculating the relevant cost of capital in an M & M world. The proliferation of alpha number of methods and omega number of theories for the calculation of the cost of capital is puzzling because in the...

En esta nota se presenta los conceptos básicos jurídicos de la propiedad intelectual en sus diferentes modalidades. También se ofrece, un sencillo resumen de los principales métodos de valoración de intangibles. Incluye la presentación de conceptos básicos de valor del dinero en el tiempo...

In this note we show with a simple example the proper way to use the adjusted WACC , the Cash Flow to Equity and the Capital Cash Flow, CCF to calculate the levered value of a firm when it has debt in foreign currency (FC). In this note we assume we are valuating the firm in the context of the...