This paper demonstrates that it can be optimal for innovators that also produce to license via a fixed fee rather than a royalty in a model of spatial price discrimination. This reversal of the typical result emerges when reduced willingness to pay by consumers limits the competitive location...

This note implements a novel approach to formalizing spatial externalities by employing spatial econometric methods that combine spatial dependence in the form of spatial autoregressive processes and spatial heterogeneity in the form of spatial regimes. The results confirm earlier findings that...