This chapter presents an economic theory of the port that considers both the demand for and cost incurred for the two-cargo (bulk and container) throughput of the port. Port-generalized prices include port charges and time prices incurred by ocean carriers', inland carriers' and shippers' ships,...

This paper examines competition models for three types of strategic alliances (vertical, horizontal, and hybrid alliances). It is found that even if a vertical alliance creates a negative direct effect on profit, it might be pursued because it is a dominant strategy. In general, total welfare...

This chapter develops a model to simulate contemporary competition between network and point-to-point (PP) carriers in air transportation markets. In particular, we focus on the transition from the strategies of network carriers to the behavior of PP carriers. The concept of multilevel...

Under the rapid expansion of container shipping in Eastern Asia with the increased size of vessels seeking economy of scale, hub-spoke operations with efficient transshipment, and global alliances of shipping companies, an Asia-range simulation model to estimate the effects of policy improvement...