In this paper, we analyse whether bank owners or bank managers were the driving force behind the risks incurred in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007/2008. We show that owner controlled banks had higher profits in the years before the crisis, and incurred larger losses and were more likely...

Modern trade theory emphasizes firm-level productivity differentials to explain the cross-border activities of non-financial firms. This paper tests whether a productivity pecking order also determines international banking activities. We use a novel dataset of all German banks' international...