This paper attempts to assess the vulnerability of Armenian temporary international labor migrants and their families to the labor market challenges posed by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. The authors estimate that about fifty percent of temporary labor migrants might have been unable to...

This paper analyzes to what extent jobs in different sectors of Turkey are vulnerable to the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) crisis considering both effects specific to COVID-19, and sector- and employment-specific vulnerabilities. With this objective, first, the authors identify sectors that are...

The objective of this note is to highlight how social protection can help lay the human capital foundations needed for poverty reduction and economic growth in the East Asia and Pacific region while also building, protecting, and deploying the human capital needed to keep up with and take...

This paper investigates reasons of Georgian targeted social assistance (TSA)'s declining performance and presents a new proxy means test (PMT) model estimated on the most recent household income and expenditure survey data (2018). The paper finds that the presented updated formula performs...

In this paper, we present new Proxy Means Test (PMT) models for targeting based on the 2017 household survey data (EDAM4). The paper finds that the developed PMT models, with separate targeting formulas for rural and urban areas, appear to perform well vis-a-vis inclusion and exclusion errors...

Using a case study approach, this comparative review examines the operational arrangements of child-focused accompanying measures in nutrition and parenting from 19 cash transfer programs. It covers both family-focused cash transfer programs for households with children, and public works...

This paper reviews the design of private pensions alongside a notional defined contribution (NDC) - or public - component. A mix of public and private pensions is the bestway to deliver a strong combination of five core outcomes: coverage, adequacy,sustainability, efficiency, and security....

This paper explores trends and drivers behind the gender gap in pensions (GGP) in Europe, focusing on countries with notionally defined contribution (NDC) schemes: Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, and Sweden. Based on current gender gaps on the labor market, the paper relates the progressivity of...

Sweden's gender pension gap is about 33 percent at retirement, reflecting the gender earnings gap - itself a reflection of a structural gender difference in low-pay jobs for women and men and career advancement opportunities. The individual nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) account data...

This paper discusses the potential expansion of the role of the notional defined contribution (NDC) paradigm in the ongoing reforms of retirement provision in China. It finds that mature age life expectancy is remarkably uniform among formal sector workers at the time of retirement, although...